Edition 033Sunday, 18 October 2026
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The $500 Ladder

Primary sources. Published arithmetic. No courses.

$500 idea · Pattern break · Edition 033

Below $14.29 a month, leaving Google Play’s checkout costs more than staying.

On 1 October 2026 Google began collecting a service fee on transactions it is barred from requiring you to route through it. The fee on a recurring subscription is 10% whether the money moves through Google Play Billing or your own web checkout; Play Billing adds a 5% billing fee and nothing else. Stripe costs 2.9% + 30¢. So the exit is 12.9% + 30¢ against a flat 15% for staying in, and the two lines cross at $14.29. On Apple’s US storefront the identical exit is free — not as a concession but as a federal injunction — and on 13 August 2026 Apple filed the price it would like to charge when that ends.

The number every plan is built on is 30%. It has not been the marginal rate for a developer under a million dollars since the App Store Small Business Program dropped it to 15% in 2021, and it has not been the rate on a linked-out purchase on the United States storefront at all since 1 May 2025. Appfigures put Apple’s US App Store commission take above $10 billion for 2024, which is the figure that keeps the folklore alive. The folklore is now about four percentage points and one court order out of date, and the gap between what people think the rails cost and what the published schedules say they cost is the whole of today’s trade.

Start with the document rather than the coverage. Epic Games, Inc. v. Apple Inc., No. 4:20-cv-05640, ECF No. 1508, decided 30 April 2025 by Judge Yvonne Gonzalez Rogers in the Northern District of California, found that Apple had willfully violated her 2021 injunction, referred the conduct to the United States Attorney for that district to “investigate whether criminal contempt proceedings are appropriate,” and prohibited Apple from “imposing any commission or any fee on purchases that consumers make outside an app.” Five further prohibitions came with it: no auditing or tracking of those purchases, no conditions on how a link is styled, worded, formatted or placed, no excluding categories of app or developer from link access, no interference beyond one neutral message, and no blocking of dynamic links that open a logged-in product page. It was effective immediately. The remedy everyone remembers is the 27% Apple had been charging on off-app purchases; the operative part is the sentence that replaced it with nothing.

Apple’s own rulebook now carries it. The App Review Guidelines at 3.1.1(a) read: “Developers may apply for entitlements to provide a link in their app to a permitted destination in order to purchase digital content or services. These entitlements are not required for developers to include buttons, external links, or other calls to action in their United States storefront apps.” Guideline 3.1.3(a) repeats it for reader apps, and 3.1.1 carves the United States out of the NFT prohibition by name. There is no form, no entitlement, no addendum and no fee. In the European Union, where the Digital Markets Act was supposed to be the thing that opened this door, there is a Core Technology Commission, a store services tier and an initial acquisition fee. The jurisdiction that got to zero got there by contempt.

Then read who is fighting it and how far along they are, because that is the expiry date. The Ninth Circuit decided No. 25-2935 on 11 December 2025 — Circuit Judges Sidney R. Thomas and Milan D. Smith, Jr., with Chief District Judge Michael J. McShane sitting by designation, Judge Smith writing. It affirmed the contempt, declined to vacate the injunction, held that the relief “will continue to apply to all linked-out purchases and not just to Epic Games Store” links, and held that “the Injunction is not an impermissible nationwide injunction.” But it reversed on the one point that matters to the price: “the commission prohibition is not an appropriately cabined civil contempt sanction,” because it “permanently prohibits the compensation that Apple can receive for linked-out purchases.” On remand the district court must either make the prohibition purgeable or re-impose it as a modification of the injunction. Everything else “remain[s] in full effect.”

So the zero is live and provisional at the same time, and both halves of that are on public dockets. The Supreme Court granted certiorari on 30 June 2026 in Apple Inc. v. Epic Games, Inc., No. 25-1311, decision below 161 F.4th 1162, limited to the first question presented: “Whether a court may hold a party in civil contempt based on a violation of an injunction’s ‘spirit’ where the injunction is silent as to the conduct upon which contempt is based.” Apple’s merits brief and the joint appendix were filed 14 September 2026; Epic’s brief is due 13 November 2026; the United States filed an amicus brief in support of neither party on 21 September 2026. Separately, Apple asked to freeze the district court while the appeal ran: application No. 26A194, administratively stayed by Justice Kagan on 12 August 2026 and denied the next day. Judge Gonzalez Rogers had already refused the same request on 11 August 2026, calling the commission “a factual issue” for her to decide.

Which produced the most useful document of the year for anyone pricing this: on 13 August 2026 Apple filed what it proposes to charge. 15% for standard apps, 10% for the Video, News and Mini Apps Partner Programs, 10% on subscription renewals, and 5% for small-business developers. Apple justified the card by pointing at Google’s linked-out rates — 20%, 15% and 10% — and noting that Epic had agreed to those. Epic’s newsroom called the numbers “far outside of the bounds” of the Ninth Circuit’s guidance and said Apple had conceded that, under that court’s own definition of necessary costs, the number would be 0%. The court has not ruled. A developer reading that filing is being handed the strike price of an option that is currently free.

Now the Android mirror, which is where the non-consensus part lives, because Android has already walked the whole path. The Ninth Circuit upheld Judge James Donato’s injunction on 12 September 2025; from 29 October 2025 Google’s own policy page states that “Google will not require the use of Google Play Billing in apps distributed on the Google Play Store”; the alternative billing and external content links programmes opened on 9 December 2025; a revised settlement with Epic went to the court on 4 March 2026; catalog access and third-party stores on Play took effect 22 July 2026. On 24 June 2026, Paul Feng, Vice President of Google Play, published the new schedule: the service fee was cut to 10% on the first $1M of annual earnings and on all auto-renewing subscriptions, and separated from a 5% billing fee charged only when the transaction runs through Google Play’s billing system, in the US, UK and EEA, from 30 June 2026.

Read that schedule as a price rather than as a concession and it inverts. The 10% service fee follows the customer out of the app: Google’s external content links page charges it on “purchases or installs completed within 24 hours of following an external link,” and the recurring-subscription column reads 10% across every tier — first $1M, standard, and the Apps Experience and Games Level Up programmes alike. The only thing you shed by leaving is the 5% billing fee, and you immediately buy a worse one: Stripe’s US card price of 2.9% + 30¢, or 3.6% + 30¢ once Stripe Billing’s 0.7% is added for the subscription logic Google was handling for free. So staying costs a flat 15% and leaving costs 12.9% + 30¢, and that fixed thirty cents is the whole story: the two are equal at $14.29 a month, and below it the exit is the more expensive door. At the canonical $9.99, Google Play Billing costs $1.4985 and your own checkout costs $1.5887. The escape hatch everybody spent five years litigating for loses 9 cents a subscriber a month.

The same arithmetic run on the other store is why the trade is worth doing at all. With no commission, the iOS exit costs 2.9% + 30¢, which crosses the flat 15% at $2.48 — below that price a zero-commission link-out is still worse than in-app purchase, because thirty cents is 12% of a $2.49 subscription. Above it the gap opens fast. At $9.99 the iOS link-out costs $0.5897 against $1.4985 in-app: you keep $9.40 instead of $8.49. And the distance between the iOS line today and the Google line today is $0.999 a subscriber a month — which is, to within a tenth of a cent, exactly what Apple’s 13 August filing asks for on subscription renewals. The window has a posted price and it is one dollar per subscriber per month.

One more line nobody has priced, because it has not started yet. Google’s external content links programme also charges a flat fee per install on download links — $3.65 for games and $2.85 for apps, “subject to periodic adjustment” — and the deadline to report and pay it was moved on 17 September 2026 to 1 December 2026. It is the first per-install price either store has published in the United States, it is flat rather than proportional, and a flat fee is a regressive tax on cheap customers and a rounding error on expensive ones. The firms that will care are the ones acquiring installs; the subscription seller reading this is being charged nothing for an install, which is the part of the schedule worth owning.

WHAT IT COSTS TO SELL A US SUBSCRIPTION, AND WHERE THE EXIT STOPS PAYING ALL-IN COST AS A SHARE OF PRICE · STRIPE US 2.9% + 30¢ · DEVELOPER UNDER $1M A YEAR IN-APP PURCHASE · FLAT 15% · APPLE SBP, OR PLAY 10% + 5% $2.48 $14.29 · PLAY EXIT STOPS PAYING LEAVING COSTS MORE THAN STAYING $9.99 · IOS LINK-OUT 5.90% · KEEP $9.40 THE GAP IS $0.999 A SUBSCRIBER A MONTH APPLE US LINK-OUT · 0% COMMISSION · 2.9% + 30¢ PLAY LINK-OUT · 10% + 2.9% + 30¢ · = APPLE’S PROPOSED RENEWAL RATE 0% 5% 10% 15% 20% 25% 30% $0 $5 $10 $15 $20 $25 MONTHLY SUBSCRIPTION PRICE · $1 = 20 PX FROM x = 110 · 1% = 9.667 PX FROM y = 350 2.9 + 30/p · CROSSES 15% AT $2.48 12.9 + 30/p · CROSSES 15% AT $14.29 THE THIRTY CENTS IS THE WHOLE ARGUMENT. IT IS 3.0% OF $9.99 AND 1.1% OF $28. ONE STORE’S EXIT IS FREE BY INJUNCTION. THE OTHER’S STOPPED BEING FREE ON 1 OCT 2026. FLAT LINE = APPLE SMALL BUSINESS 15%, OR PLAY 10% SERVICE + 5% BILLING
Three ways to take ten dollars, drawn as a share of the price. The flat line is in-app purchase at 15% — Apple’s Small Business rate, and Google’s 10% service fee plus its 5% billing fee, which happen to land on the same number. The two curves are the exits, and both are of the form c + 30/p: Apple’s at c = 2.9 because the court forbids a commission, Google’s at c = 12.9 because the 10% service fee follows the customer through the link. A fixed thirty cents is a bigger share of a smaller sale, so each curve falls through the flat line exactly once — Apple’s at $2.48, Google’s at $14.29. Everything shaded is a price at which leaving Google Play costs more than staying in it, which covers almost every consumer subscription sold. The upper curve is doing double duty: 12.9% + 30¢ is also precisely what an iOS subscription would cost under the 10% renewal rate Apple proposed to the district court on 13 August 2026. Horizontal scale $1 = 20 px from x = 110; vertical 1% = 9.667 px up from y = 350. Every plotted point is in the derived evidence row.

The evidence

8 findings
Court opinion · 9th Cir. Epic Games, Inc. v. Apple Inc., No. 25-2935 (9th Cir.), reported at 161 F.4th 1162 filed 11 December 2025; Thomas and M. Smith, Circuit Judges, and McShane, Chief District Judge, by designation; opinion by Smith

The prohibition: “any commission or any fee on purchases that consumers make outside an app”

The panel affirmed the district court’s civil contempt finding against Apple, declined to vacate the underlying injunction, and held that “the Injunction is not an impermissible nationwide injunction” and that the relief “will continue to apply to all linked-out purchases and not just to Epic Games Store” links. It reversed and remanded one piece: “the commission prohibition is not an appropriately cabined civil contempt sanction,” because it “permanently prohibits the compensation that Apple can receive for linked-out purchases of digital products,” and it “bars only prohibitive commissions or fees.” On remand the district court must either convert it into a purgeable sanction or re-enter it as a modification of the injunction. It narrowed two operational points in Apple’s favour — Apple may limit link prominence (fonts, sizes, quantities, placement) relative to its own purchase options and enforce content standards on the language used. Otherwise, in the court’s words, “the Injunction and April 30 Order otherwise remain in full effect.” The opinion also records that “the text of the Injunction does not address commissions at all,” which is the hook Apple took to the Supreme Court.

Platform documentation · Apple Apple, App Review Guidelines, guidelines 3.1.1, 3.1.1(a) and 3.1.3(a) text as published on 18 October 2026

Apple’s own rulebook: no entitlement, no form, no fee, in the US

3.1.1(a): “Developers may apply for entitlements to provide a link in their app to a permitted destination in order to purchase digital content or services. These entitlements are not required for developers to include buttons, external links, or other calls to action in their United States storefront apps.” The same clause spells out what the rest of the world gets instead: “The entitlements are limited to use only in specific storefronts of the App Store … In all other storefronts, except for the United States storefront, where this prohibition does not apply, apps and their metadata may not include buttons, external links, or other calls to action that direct customers to purchasing mechanisms other than in-app purchase.” 3.1.3 carries the same carve-out for the anti-steering rule, 3.1.3(a) repeats it for reader apps, and even the NFT clause in 3.1.1 excepts “apps on the United States storefront.” The guidelines do not state a commission on these links because there is none to state. The standing condition is conduct, not money: “If your app engages in misleading marketing practices, scams, or fraud in relation to the entitlement, your app will be removed from the App Store.”

Court docket · SCOTUS Apple Inc. v. Epic Games, Inc., No. 25-1311, with the question presented certiorari granted 30 June 2026, limited to Question 1; merits briefing in progress

The window has a docket: Epic’s brief is due 13 November 2026

Petition filed 21 May 2026, docketed 27 May, distributed for the conferences of 9 and 29 June, and granted 30 June 2026 limited to the first question: “Whether a court may hold a party in civil contempt based on a violation of an injunction’s ‘spirit’ where the injunction is silent as to the conduct upon which contempt is based, as the Ninth Circuit holds; or, instead, whether a court must ground a finding of civil contempt on the violation of an order that clearly and unambiguously proscribes the precise conduct at issue, as other circuits hold.” The second question — whether the Ninth Circuit created an antitrust exception to Trump v. CASA, Inc., 606 U.S. 831 (2025) — was not taken. Apple’s merits brief and the joint appendix were filed 14 September 2026; amicus briefs in support of neither party, including one from the United States, were filed 21 September 2026; Epic’s brief is due 13 November 2026. No argument date is docketed. The related stay application, No. 26A194, was administratively stayed by Justice Kagan on 12 August 2026 and denied 13 August 2026 — which is why the district court proceeding on the replacement rate ran that same week.

Reported · trade press Sarah Perez, Apple proposes to take a 15% cut of purchases made outside the App Store, TechCrunch published 14 August 2026 on a filing made 13 August 2026 in the N.D. Cal.

The strike price Apple filed: 15%, 10% on renewals, 5% for small developers

The day after the Supreme Court refused to pause the district court, Apple filed its proposed rate card for purchases made through external links in iOS apps: 15% for standard apps, 10% for the Video Partner, News Partner and Mini Apps Partner Programs, 10% on subscription renewals, and 5% for small-business developers — down from the 27% that produced the contempt finding. Apple’s stated rationale is recovery of its investment in App Store tools, technology and services, and it pointed to Google Play’s linked-out rates of 20% standard, 15% for special programmes and 10% on renewals, noting that Epic had agreed to them. Epic replied on its newsroom account that the fees are “far outside of the bounds” of the Ninth Circuit’s guidance on permissible fees, and that Apple had admitted that under that court’s definition of “necessary costs” it would charge 0% for web link-out purchases. The court has not ruled. This row is trade reporting of a docket filing rather than the filing itself, and the figures should be treated as the proposal, not the outcome.

Platform documentation · Google Google, Understanding Google Play’s lower service fees, with Paul Feng, Expanded billing choice and lower fees on Google Play blog post 24 June 2026; schedule effective 30 June 2026 in the US, UK and EEA

Subscriptions are 10% on Google Play whichever door the money leaves by

Paul Feng, Vice President of Google Play Engineering, Product and UX, announced a service fee of 10% on the first “$1M (USD) in annual earnings” that “applies whether a developer uses Google Play billing, alternative billing, or external web links,” and that “also applies to all auto-renewing subscriptions” — separated for the first time from a billing fee of “5%” charged only on Google Play Billing transactions in AU, JP, US, UK and the EEA. The published table, for new installs: non-recurring 20% standard, 15% on the Apps Experience and Games Level Up programmes, 10% in the first-$1M tier, each “+ billing fee, if applicable”; recurring, 10% + billing fee, if applicable on every tier including standard. For existing installs the non-recurring standard rate is 25% in-app and 20% by external web link; recurring stays 10% everywhere. Rollout: 30 June 2026 for the EEA, UK and US, 30 September 2026 for AU and JP, 31 December 2026 for KR, 30 September 2027 for the rest of the world. The rollout date is also the cut-off that sorts a user into “new install” or “existing install.”

Platform documentation · Google Google, Enrolling in the external content links program for users in the US, with the US policy update programmes launched 9 December 2025; fees payable from 1 October 2026; download fees from 1 December 2026

The free exit on Android closed on 1 October 2026

Google’s own page says the programme “operates under a US District Court order” and that Google “may change or end it if that order changes.” The sequence: the Ninth Circuit upheld the injunction on 12 September 2025; from 29 October 2025, “Google will not require the use of Google Play Billing in apps distributed on the Google Play Store,” nor prohibit developers from linking out; the payments policy, alternative billing programme and external content links programme launched 9 December 2025; a revised settlement with Epic went to the court on 4 March 2026; catalog access and third-party stores on Play took effect 22 July 2026. Then the bill: developers enrolled in external content links and alternative billing “must report transactions and pay the Play service fee starting October 1, 2026,” with the download-link reporting and fee deadline moved on 17 September 2026 to 1 December 2026. Fees attach to “purchases or installs completed within 24 hours of following an external link.” Recurring subscriptions: 10% in all three tiers. App download links: a flat $3.65 per install for games and $2.85 for apps, “subject to periodic adjustment.” Links must be limited to US users, every qualifying transaction must be reported including $0 free trials, and the developer carries support, disputes and refunds.

Platform documentation · Apple, Google, Stripe App Store Small Business Program, Apple Developer Program membership, Google Play Console registration and Stripe US pricing rates as published on 18 October 2026

What the whole rail costs to rent: $124 a year and 2.9% + 30¢

Apple Developer Program: “99 USD per membership year,” waivable for nonprofits, educational institutions and government entities. Google Play Console: a $25 one-time registration fee. App Store Small Business Program: “a reduced commission rate of 15% on paid apps and Apple In-App Purchases,” open to developers who “earned no more than 1 million USD in total proceeds … during the 12 fiscal months occurring within the previous calendar year” and no more than $1M in the current year, with proceeds adjusted “fifteen (15) days after the end of the fiscal calendar month in which your enrollment is approved” — so it is a floor you set once and then forget. Stripe US standard pricing: 2.9% + 30¢ per successful domestic card charge, +1.5% on international cards, +1% where currency conversion is required, +0.5% manually entered; Stripe Billing is a further 0.7% of billing volume pay-as-you-go. Those last three lines are the ones that quietly undo a link-out on a customer base that is not domestic, and they are the reason the exit curve in the figure is drawn at 2.9% and not lower.

Derived from the rows above · arithmetic shown

$2.48, $14.29, 532, and the plotted points

The chart first. Horizontal $1 = 20 px from x = 110, so a price p plots at x = 110 + 20p across $0 to $28 (x = 110 to 670); vertical 1% = 9.667 px up from y = 350, so a rate r plots at y = 350 − 9.667r, covering 0% at y = 350 to 30% at y = 60. Three paths, all as a share of price: in-app purchase is flat at 15 (Apple Small Business, or Play’s 10% service + 5% billing), drawn at y = 205. Apple’s US link-out is 2.9 + 30/p; Google’s link-out is 12.9 + 30/p. Crossings: 0.15p = 0.029p + 0.30 → 0.121p = 0.30 → p = 2.4793 → x = 159.59; 0.15p = 0.129p + 0.30 → 0.021p = 0.30 → p = 14.2857 → x = 395.71. Accent curve, (p, x, y): (1.25, 135, 89.97) (1.5, 140, 128.63) (1.75, 145, 156.25) (2, 150, 176.97) (2.479, 159.59, 205) (3, 170, 225.30) (4, 190, 249.47) (5, 210, 263.97) (7, 250, 280.54) (9.99, 309.8, 292.94) (12, 350, 297.80) (16, 430, 303.84) (20, 510, 307.47) (24, 590, 309.88) (28, 670, 311.61). Flag curve: (1.8, 146, 64.19) (2, 150, 80.30) (2.5, 160, 109.30) (3, 170, 128.63) (4, 190, 152.80) (5, 210, 167.30) (7, 250, 183.87) (9.99, 309.8, 196.27) (12, 350, 201.13) (14.286, 395.71, 205) (16, 430, 207.18) (20, 510, 210.80) (24, 590, 213.22) (28, 670, 214.94). The shaded polygon is the flag curve from x = 146 to x = 395.71 closed back along y = 205. Ticks every $5 horizontally (x = 110, 210, 310, 410, 510, 610) and every 5 points vertically (y = 350, 301.67, 253.33, 205, 156.67, 108.33, 60). Now the money. At p = $9.99: in-app 0.15 × 9.99 = $1.4985, net $8.4915; iOS link-out 0.029 × 9.99 + 0.30 = $0.58971, net $9.40029; Play link-out 0.129 × 9.99 + 0.30 = $1.58871, net $8.40129. So leaving Play costs 9.02¢ a subscriber a month more than staying, and the iOS window is worth 1.58871 − 0.58971 = $0.999 — within a tenth of a cent of the 10% renewal rate Apple proposed on 13 August. Subscribers needed for $5,000/month net at $9.99: 532 (5000 ÷ 9.40029 = 531.90) today; 589 at a flat 15%; 596 under Apple’s proposed 10% renewal rate; 633 under its proposed 15%; 562 under its proposed 5% small-business rate; and 715 at the 30% everyone still quotes (5000 ÷ 6.993). Today against the folklore is 183 fewer subscribers, 25.59%. Capital: 99 + 25 = $124 of the $500, recovered by subscriber 14 (124 ÷ 9.40029 = 13.19), leaving $376. Annualised, 532 × 9.40029 × 12 = $60,011.45, and the window alone is 532 × 0.999 = $531.47 a month. Five simplifications, stated: every figure assumes a developer under $1M a year, so the Small Business 15% and the Play first-$1M 10% both apply; it assumes domestic US cards, since Stripe’s +1.5% international and +1% conversion would move both exit curves up and the Play crossing well past $14.29; it ignores Stripe Billing’s 0.7%, which pushes the Play crossing to $21.43; it ignores sales tax handling, which in-app purchase does for you and your own checkout does not; and it treats conversion as identical on both paths, which it is not — a web checkout reached through a link converts worse than a native sheet, and no public dataset prices that gap.

The ladder

From $500 to $5,000 a month

Seven rungs. The product is a $9.99 subscription sold through an iPhone app that sends the buyer to a web page, on a storefront where the commission on that sale is $0 by order of a federal court, for as long as that lasts.

  1. Read the order and the guideline, not the coverage

    ECF 1508 in 4:20-cv-05640 bars Apple from “imposing any commission or any fee on purchases that consumers make outside an app,” and from conditioning how the link is styled, worded or placed. Apple’s own App Review Guidelines say the entitlement “are not required … in their United States storefront apps.” There is nothing to apply for.

    $0 commission · no entitlement · US storefront only
  2. Rent both rails for $124 and keep the rest of the $500

    Apple Developer Program $99 a year, Google Play Console $25 once, Stripe nothing to open. That is the entire cost of standing on the two largest consumer software distribution systems in the United States. The remaining $376 buys a domain and a year of hosting with change.

    99 + 25 = $124 · recovered by subscriber 14
  3. Enrol in the Small Business Program first, because it is your floor

    15% on in-app purchases up to $1M of proceeds, set once, adjusted fifteen days after the month your enrolment is approved. You are not choosing it over the link-out; you are fixing what the link-out is worth if the Supreme Court or the district court takes the zero away.

    15% floor · $1M threshold · re-qualifies annually
  4. Price above $2.48, or the free exit is not free

    Stripe’s thirty cents does not scale. At $2.49 a zero-commission link-out costs more than Apple’s 15%; at $9.99 it costs a third as much. This is the rung most people get backwards, because they think of the saving as a percentage when the binding term is a fixed fee.

    2.9% + 30¢ = 15% at p = $2.4793
  5. On Android, stay inside Google Play Billing and stop apologising for it

    The service fee follows you out of the app at 10% on every subscription tier, so the exit only sheds the 5% billing fee and buys Stripe’s instead. Below $14.29 a month that is a loss. The free Android exit ended on 1 October 2026 and almost nobody repriced.

    15% in-app vs 12.9% + 30¢ out · crossing $14.29
  6. Count subscribers, not revenue

    At $9.99 with the iOS window open you keep $9.40 of each one. That is the only number worth tracking, because it is the one the litigation moves. Build the cohort on iOS where the economics are best and let Android ride on in-app purchase.

    5,000 ÷ 9.40029 = 532 subscribers · $60,011.45 a year
  7. Diary 13 November 2026 and price the option now

    Epic’s merits brief is due that day; Judge Gonzalez Rogers is separately deciding the replacement rate on a proposal Apple filed on 13 August. The window is worth $0.999 a subscriber a month against Apple’s own asking price. Know what your business looks like at 596 subscribers instead of 532 before you find out.

    532 → 596 subscribers · $531.47/mo of option value