United Kingdom · Edition 006Tuesday, 3 November 2026
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The $500 Ladder

Primary sources. Published arithmetic. No courses.

$500 idea · Pattern break · United Kingdom · Edition 006

1,200 MHz becomes licence-exempt on 10 November with no coordinator registered to use it.

Two instruments made by Ofcom on 27 October 2026 — SI 2026/1131 and SI 2026/1132, both signed by David Willis, Group Director, Spectrum Group — hand the whole band from 5925 to 7125 MHz to unlicensed devices at 36 dBm EIRP, outdoors, for £0. They are the first regulations ever made under section 53A of the Wireless Telegraphy Act 2006, a power that commenced on 31 July 2017 and then sat unused for 3,375 days. Regulation 12 makes every lawful transmission depend on an automated frequency coordination system run by an organisation Ofcom has registered. Ofcom's register of approved providers names nobody.

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Context

Radio spectrum is rationed. Governments sell slices of it to mobile networks for billions, and anyone else who wants to transmit at useful power normally buys an annual licence from the regulator and takes what is left over. A small band at the bottom of that pile is free to everyone, which is why home Wi-Fi exists at all. On 10 November a very large slice moves into the free pile, and this edition is about who can actually pick it up.

Start with what the two instruments say, because almost every account of this week's change describes it as a Wi-Fi story and it is not. The Wireless Telegraphy (Dynamic Spectrum Access Service) (Frequencies) Regulations 2026 run to a single operative sentence: "The radio frequency band 5925 megahertz to 7125 megahertz is specified for the purposes of section 53A(7)(a)". The Wireless Telegraphy (Dynamic Spectrum Access Devices) (Exemption) Regulations 2026 then exempt standard power access points, fixed client devices and mobile client devices from the licensing requirement in section 8(1) of the Act. Both were made on 27 October 2026 and both come into force on 10 November 2026, seven days from this edition's date.

The powers are not small. A standard power access point may run 23 dBm per megahertz of power spectral density and 36 dBm EIRP — 3.98 watts — in a nominal channel up to 320 MHz wide, at a fixed location, outdoors, with no licence and no fee. For comparison, the band immediately below it, where ordinary Wi-Fi lives, is capped far lower and indoors. This is the first time a British regulator has put four watts of outdoor transmit power into the hands of anybody who buys a conforming radio.

Now the condition that nobody is reading. Regulation 11 defines an "AFC system" as an automated radio frequency co-ordination system run by an organisation registered by OFCOM under section 53A(1). Regulation 12 requires an access point to request operational parameters from such a system before it transmits, to repeat the request every 24 hours, and — if the system cannot be reached on a second or later attempt — to run for one further 24-hour period and then cease operation. There is no fallback to a default power, no grandfathering and no self-coordination. The exemption is conditional on a private database that must exist, and Ofcom's own page, published 20 July 2026, says only that successful applicants "will be added to Ofcom-maintained register of approved providers". Applications opened in early September. It names no one.

So read the sequence as a market and not as a timetable. Parliament created the power to register dynamic spectrum access providers in section 8(1) of the Digital Economy Act 2017; it came into force on 31 July 2017 under SI 2017/765 and a full-text search of legislation.gov.uk returns exactly two instruments ever titled "dynamic spectrum access", both made on 27 October 2026. The statute book waited nine years and three months to use a power it already had, and then commenced the exemption before the only thing that can satisfy it exists.

Here is the price of what is being given away, read off Ofcom's own schedules. A Shared Access licence — the nearest thing the UK has to coordinated, non-exclusive spectrum you can buy — costs £80 a year per 10 MHz in rural areas, and £160 per 10 MHz for an urban medium power licence. At the rural price, 1,200 MHz would be £9,600 a year; at the urban price, £19,200 a year. Those are 21.43% and 42.87% of this edition's whole annual income target. At the price Ofcom's last auction actually set — £1,379,400,000 on 27 April 2021 for 200 MHz across two bands, or £6,897,000 a megahertz — the same 1,200 MHz prices at £8,276,400,000. That comparison flatters the giveaway and should be read with its caveat: auctioned spectrum is exclusive, nationwide and interference-protected for twenty years, and this is none of those things.

Somebody is already moving. Companies House carries SCOT-TEL-GOULD LIMITED, company SC386653, incorporated 7 October 2010 at Suite F2 Enterprise Centre, Exploration Drive, Aberdeen, SIC 61200 wireless telecommunications activities, accounts last made up to 31 October 2025, with four serving directors including David Maxwell Gould, appointed on the day it was incorporated. Light Reading reported on 29 September 2026 that the firm applied for an experimental licence to trial Tarana's G1 6 GHz base nodes near Aberdeen, and quoted Ivo Lansky, Tarana's business lead for Europe, the UK and Central Asia, saying that once the spectrum is released the extra channels can be switched on in radios already deployed. Ofcom sells an Innovation and trial licence from £50. That is the whole barrier to touching the band before the AFC exists: fifty pounds and a reason.

And this is where the edition stops being an opportunity and starts being an observation. $500 is £373.25 at HMRC's November rate. The only live listing located for a conforming 6 GHz radio — a Cambium ePMP Force 4600C subscriber module, EU variant, at Aerial.net — is €391.67 excluding VAT, which is £326.49, or 87.47% of the entire stake, and it was out of stock when read. A link needs two of them. Two radios and the £50 trial licence come to £702.98, which is $941.72 and £329.74 more than the stake. The spectrum is free. The transmitter is not, and it is the transmitter that is scarce.

the same megahertz, under three Ofcom price regimes £160 per 10 MHz · urban, medium power £80 per 10 MHz · rural £0 · SI 2026/1132, from 10 November 2026 upper 6 GHz alone, 700 MHz £19,200/yr £9,600/yr £0 £5k £10k £15k £20k annual licence cost 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% share of the annual target 0 300 600 900 1,200 bandwidth deployed, MHz target £44,789.49 a year · $5,000/mo at £1 = $1.3396, HMRC, November 2026
Horizontal position is bandwidth deployed: x = 92 + 0.496667 × MHz, spanning 0 to 1,200 MHz, the full width of the band SI 2026/1131 designates. Vertical position is annual licence cost: y = 320 − 0.0132 × £. The amber line is Ofcom's urban medium power Shared Access price of £160 per 10 MHz a year, £16 a megahertz, reaching £19,200 at 1,200 MHz (y = 66.56). The grey line is the rural price of £80 per 10 MHz, £8 a megahertz, reaching £9,600 (y = 193.28). The green line is SI 2026/1132, which lies on the axis at £0 for every bandwidth. The marked points at x = 439.67 are the upper 6 GHz segment alone, 700 MHz: £11,200 urban and £5,600 rural. The right axis restates cost as a share of the £44,789.49 annual target, so the top of the plot, £20,000, is 44.65% of it and the urban line's end point is 42.87%.

The evidence

15 findings
StatuteWireless Telegraphy Act 2006 s.53A · in force 31 July 2017

The power was created in 2017 and used for the first time in October 2026.

Section 53A, "Registration of providers of dynamic spectrum access services", was inserted into the Wireless Telegraphy Act 2006 by section 8(1) of the Digital Economy Act 2017 and commenced on 31 July 2017 under SI 2017/765, reg. 2(c). It lets OFCOM register any person who provides, or proposes to provide, a service that gives information about which frequencies in a band specified in OFCOM regulations are available, and at what places, power levels, times and conditions. OFCOM must publish the criteria for deciding applications and the restrictions that may apply. Legislation.gov.uk records no later amendments to the section. Section 53A · Digital Economy Act 2017, s.8

RegulationSI 2026/1131 · made 27 October 2026, in force 10 November 2026

One operative sentence designates 1,200 MHz.

The Wireless Telegraphy (Dynamic Spectrum Access Service) (Frequencies) Regulations 2026, made by OFCOM under sections 53A(7)(a) and 122(7) of the Act and signed by David Willis, Group Director, Spectrum Group. Regulation 2: "The radio frequency band 5925 megahertz to 7125 megahertz is specified for the purposes of section 53A(7)(a)". The explanatory note records that the Regulations do not themselves create the service; they specify the band a registered service may cover. OFCOM consulted publicly before making them, as the Act requires. SI 2026/1131

RegulationSI 2026/1132 · made 27 October 2026, in force 10 November 2026

36 dBm outdoors, for nothing, on one condition.

The Wireless Telegraphy (Dynamic Spectrum Access Devices) (Exemption) Regulations 2026, also made by OFCOM on 27 October 2026 and signed by David Willis. Regulation 3 exempts the establishment, installation and use of dynamic spectrum access devices from the licensing requirement in section 8(1) where regulations 4 to 13 are met. Regulation 4 covers 5925 to 7125 MHz, requires interference mitigation at least equivalent to ETSI EN 303 687 v1.1.1 (2023-06), and restricts operation to land. Standard power access points and fixed client devices: maximum 23 dBm/MHz power spectral density, 36 dBm EIRP, nominal bandwidth up to 320 MHz, fixed location, geo-location capability. Mobile client devices: 17 dBm/MHz, at least 6 dB below their access point, capped at 30 dBm, and not in a moving vehicle. SI 2026/1132

RegulationSI 2026/1132, regs. 11 and 12 · the condition that binds

No database, no transmission: 24 hours, then cease.

Regulation 2 defines an "AFC system" as an automated radio frequency co-ordination system run by an organisation registered by OFCOM under section 53A(1) to provide a dynamic spectrum access service in the UK. Regulation 12 requires a standard power access point or fixed client to request operational parameters whenever it is powered on and at least every 24 hours; before each request it must report its coordinates, geo-location uncertainty, antenna height and unique device identifier. If the AFC system cannot be reached on a second or later request, the most recent parameters may be used for one further 24-hour period, "after that, the device must cease operation until communication is restored." Users must not be able to alter the settings that determine what is reported. There is no self-coordination option anywhere in the instrument. SI 2026/1132

Regulationlegislation.gov.uk full-text search · read 3 November 2026

Exactly two instruments have ever carried the words "dynamic spectrum access".

A title search of legislation.gov.uk across all legislation for "dynamic spectrum access" returns SI 2026/1132 and SI 2026/1131, and nothing else — no earlier frequencies regulations, no earlier exemption, no Welsh or Northern Irish equivalent. The power commenced on 31 July 2017; the first instrument under it was made on 27 October 2026, 3,375 days later. The search

Regulator filingOfcom, Automated Frequency Coordination (AFC) · published 20 July 2026

The register of approved providers names nobody.

Ofcom's AFC page, published 20 July 2026: "Organisations intending to operate an AFC system (AFC Service Provider) must apply to and register with Ofcom before offering AFC services", and those that "successfully complete the registration process will be added to Ofcom-maintained register of approved providers." The page sets out no fee and lists no provider. The accompanying statement page records that Ofcom intended to invite applications from prospective AFC service providers from 1 September 2026 and to make the Regulations in autumn 2026; it published a Voluntary National Specification, 2026/7/1, on 20 July 2026. As read on 3 November 2026, seven days before the exemption commences, no registered provider is published. Ofcom AFC · The statement

Published fee scheduleOfcom Shared Access licences · read 3 November 2026

The nearest thing you can buy costs £80 a year per 10 MHz.

Ofcom's Shared Access licence covers 1800 MHz, 2300 MHz, 3800–4200 MHz and 24.25–27.5 GHz. In rural areas the annual fee is £80 at 1800 MHz, £80 per 10 MHz at 2300 MHz and 3.8–4.2 GHz — £160 for 20 MHz, £800 for 100 MHz — and £80 per 100 MHz at 26 GHz. For an urban medium power licence at 1.8 GHz and 3.8–4.2 GHz the fee is £160 per 10 MHz: £320 for 20 MHz, £1,600 for 100 MHz. Low power covers multiple base stations inside a 50-metre radius; medium power covers a single base station. This is coordinated, non-exclusive, locally licensed spectrum — the closest priced comparator to what SI 2026/1132 now gives away. Shared access licences

Regulator filingOfcom auction final results · announced 27 April 2021

£1,379,400,000 for 200 MHz, every penny to the Treasury.

Ofcom's 700 MHz and 3.6–3.8 GHz award raised £1,379,400,000 including £23 million from the assignment stage, announced 27 April 2021, with all proceeds going to HM Treasury. The licences covered 80 MHz at 700 MHz and 120 MHz at 3.6–3.8 GHz: 200 MHz in total, or £6,897,000 a megahertz. Read this row against the one above it and the one below it, and then against the £0 in SI 2026/1132 — with the caveat that auctioned spectrum is exclusive, nationwide and protected from interference for twenty years, and a dynamic spectrum access exemption is none of those things. Final auction results

Published fee scheduleOfcom innovation and trial licensing · read 3 November 2026

Touching the band early costs £50.

Ofcom's non-operational licences page: innovation and trial licences are issued "on a non-permanent, non-commercial basis" and cost "from £50". That is the lawful way to put a 6 GHz radio on air before any AFC system is registered, and it is 13.40% of this edition's £373.25 of capital. It is also, expressly, not a commercial authorisation: nothing earned under it is revenue. Innovation and trial licensing

Company registerCompanies House SC386653 · read 3 November 2026

A sixteen-year-old Aberdeen operator is already in the band.

SCOT-TEL-GOULD LIMITED, company SC386653, private limited, active, incorporated 7 October 2010, registered at Suite F2 Enterprise Centre, Exploration Drive, Aberdeen AB23 8GX, SIC 61200 wireless telecommunications activities. Accounts last made up to 31 October 2025, next period to 30 October 2026 and due 30 July 2027; confirmation statement last dated 7 October 2026. Four serving directors: David Maxwell Gould (born May 1960, appointed 7 October 2010), Graeme Clark Porteous (7 October 2010), Howard Ernest Martin (6 July 2012) and Georgi Yordanov Hristov (1 April 2020). The accounts themselves were not opened on this run and no revenue figure is cited anywhere on this page. Companies House SC386653

ReportedLight Reading, Michelle Donegan · 29 September 2026

First commercial AFC service expected in Q1 2027.

"Tarana eyes UK expansion in 6GHz for gigabit FWA" reports that Scot-Tel-Gould, which already runs Tarana G1 equipment at 5.8 GHz, applied for an experimental licence to trial G1 6 GHz base nodes near Aberdeen, and that other ISPs applied too. Ivo Lansky, Tarana's business lead for Europe, the UK and Central Asia, is quoted saying that once the spectrum is released the extra channels can be activated on existing radios for "double the speed", and describing Ofcom's framework as "expanding opportunity". The article states that AFC provider applications opened in early September, that first commercial Wi-Fi AFC services are expected in Q1 2027, and that mobile access follows after 2030. It also puts UK gigabit coverage at about 88% with roughly 4 million premises lacking it, which does not reconcile with the 89% and 3.4 million derived from Ofcom's own Spring 2026 release below; the official figure is used everywhere on this page. It is a trade report, not a regulator statement, and the Q1 2027 date is an expectation rather than a published commitment. Light Reading

Regulator filingOfcom Connected Nations update: Spring 2026 · published 13 May 2026

39,000 premises still cannot get decent broadband.

Data as at January 2026: 89% of UK residential premises, 27.1 million homes, have gigabit-capable coverage, up from 87% and 26.4 million in July 2025, against a residential base of 30.5 million. Full fibre reaches 24.9 million premises, 82%, with take-up of 12.4 million connections, 47% of those passed. 39,000 premises cannot receive decent broadband — 10 Mbit/s down, 1 Mbit/s up — from a fixed line or a fixed wireless network, down from 44,000 in July 2025, and 4,000 cannot get it affordably even counting satellite. That 39,000 is 0.1279% of the residential base: the unserved market this band is supposed to help is very small, and the larger number, the 3.4 million homes without gigabit coverage, is a derived subtraction and not a figure Ofcom states. Connected Nations update: Spring 2026

Live listingAerial.net · read 3 November 2026, out of stock

One conforming radio: €391.67 excluding VAT.

Cambium Networks ePMP 6 GHz Force 4600C SM Radio (EU), a connectorized subscriber module, listed at €391.67 per unit excluding VAT, €387.76 at five or more, showing "No Stock" when read. No sterling retail listing for a 6 GHz standard power radio was located on this run, and the access point SKU is dearer and was not priced. At the European Central Bank reference rates for 3 November 2026 — 1 USD = 0.74567 GBP and 0.89453 EUR, so €1 = £0.833589 — that unit is £326.49. The listing

Regulator filingHMRC trade tariff · monthly rate for November 2026

£1 = $1.3396, 1–30 November 2026.

HMRC's published monthly exchange rate for the USA, valid 1 to 30 November 2026. Used for every sterling-dollar conversion on this page. The euro conversion in the row above uses European Central Bank reference rates for 3 November 2026, because HMRC's euro rate was not read on this run. November 2026 rates

Derivedat 1 GBP = 1.3396 USD, HMRC, November 2026

The stake buys 87.47% of one radio, and a link needs two.

$500 ÷ 1.3396 = £373.25. $5,000 ÷ 1.3396 = £3,732.46 a month, × 12 = £44,789.49 a year. Spectrum: £80 ÷ 10 = £8/MHz/yr rural, × 1,200 = £9,600, which is 21.43% of the target; £160 ÷ 10 = £16/MHz/yr urban, × 1,200 = £19,200, 42.87%; upper 6 GHz alone, 700 MHz, is £5,600 and £11,200. Auction: £1,379,400,000 ÷ 200 = £6,897,000/MHz, × 1,200 = £8,276,400,000, which is 184,784 years of the annual target. Hardware: €391.67 × 0.833589 = £326.49 = 87.47% of the stake; two radios plus the £50 trial licence = £702.98 = $941.72, which is £329.74 more than the stake; one radio plus the licence is £376.49, £3.25 over. Income: at £30 a month a connection, the gross target is 124.42 connections; at a 40% cost ratio that is £17,915.80 of costs, £26,873.69 of profit, £2,860.74 income tax, £858.22 Class 4, £23,154.73 net — £1,929.56 a month, $2,584.84. To net $5,000 a month a sole trader needs £57,720.84 of profit, which at the same cost ratio is £96,201.41 of revenue and 267.23 connections, above the £90,000 VAT registration threshold. Power: 36 dBm EIRP = 3.98 W; 23 dBm/MHz = 199.53 mW/MHz. Dormancy: 31 July 2017 to 27 October 2026 = 3,375 days, 9.24 years. Diagram: x = 92 + 0.496667 × MHz; y = 320 − 0.0132 × £.

The ladder

From $500 to $5,000 a month · £373 → £3,728

The conditions in regulations 4 to 13 are the licence. Power spectral density, EIRP, bandwidth, geo-location, fixed location, land only, ETSI EN 303 687, the 24-hour parameter refresh and the duty to cease. Meet them and you need nothing from Ofcom; miss one and you are transmitting without a licence under section 8(1) of the Act. Nobody sends you a reminder, because nobody issued you anything.

  1. Read SI 2026/1132 before you read a word about Wi-Fi 7.

    The conditions in regulations 4 to 13 are the licence. Power spectral density, EIRP, bandwidth, geo-location, fixed location, land only, ETSI EN 303 687, the 24-hour parameter refresh and the duty to cease. Meet them and you need nothing from Ofcom; miss one and you are transmitting without a licence under section 8(1) of the Act. Nobody sends you a reminder, because nobody issued you anything.

    £373.25 in hand · £0 of it demanded by SI 2026/1132
  2. Price what you are not paying for, so you know what it is worth.

    Ofcom's own nearest product, the Shared Access licence, is £80 a year per 10 MHz rural and £160 urban medium power. The band you have just been given is 1,200 MHz wide. That is £9,600 or £19,200 a year of licence fee you will never be invoiced for — 21.43% or 42.87% of this edition's whole annual income target, before you have sold anything.

    1,200 MHz × £8/MHz = £9,600 · × £16 = £19,200
  3. Then count what the stake actually buys, and be honest.

    One Cambium ePMP Force 4600C subscriber module, the only live listing found, is €391.67 excluding VAT — £326.49, or 87.47% of £373.25 — and it was out of stock. A link needs two radios. Two radios and a £50 trial licence are £702.98, $941.72, which is £329.74 more than the capital this series starts with. Free spectrum is not a free business.

    £326.49 = 87.47% of the stake · a link = £652.98
  4. Understand that the law lands before the database does.

    Regulation 12 lets a standard power device transmit only on parameters from an AFC system run by an organisation registered under section 53A(1). Ofcom opened applications on 1 September 2026 and publishes a register of approved providers. Read on 3 November 2026 it names nobody, and the trade press expects first commercial service in Q1 2027. On 10 November the right exists and cannot lawfully be exercised.

    In force 10 Nov 2026 · registered providers published: 0
  5. If you must be in the band now, buy the £50 licence, not the story.

    An Ofcom innovation and trial licence starts at £50 and is issued on a non-permanent, non-commercial basis. Scot-Tel-Gould Limited of Aberdeen, incorporated 7 October 2010 and running Tarana kit at 5.8 GHz, applied for exactly that to test 6 GHz base nodes. It is a way to learn the band early. It is not a way to bill anybody, and treating it as one is the first compliance error available on this route.

    £50 = 13.40% of capital · non-commercial by its terms
  6. Do the arithmetic in customers, because megahertz do not pay.

    £44,789.49 a year at £30 a month — the price point a UK fixed wireless directory uses as its own benchmark — is 124.42 connections for the gross figure. After a 40% cost ratio and sole-trader tax that nets £1,929.56 a month, $2,584.84, which misses the target by a third. To net $5,000 a month you need £57,720.84 of profit, £96,201.41 of revenue and 267.23 connections, and you are over the £90,000 VAT line.

    124.42 gross · 267.23 to net $5,000 · VAT at £90,000
  7. Then read the verdict below and believe it.

    The unserved market Ofcom measures is 39,000 premises, 0.1279% of UK homes. The capacity this band adds goes overwhelmingly to the 58-odd fixed wireless operators who already hold masts, backhaul and customers, and who can switch extra channels on in radios already up a pole. For a solo reader with £373.25 this is a policy change worth knowing and not a business worth starting. That is the honest reading, and it is what the table says.

    39,000 ÷ 30.5m = 0.1279% · £3,732.46/mo = $5,000

Interested in the actual playbook?

Sources

14 primary documents
  1. The Wireless Telegraphy (Dynamic Spectrum Access Service) (Frequencies) Regulations 2026, SI 2026/1131 — made 27 October 2026, in force 10 November 2026
  2. The Wireless Telegraphy (Dynamic Spectrum Access Devices) (Exemption) Regulations 2026, SI 2026/1132 — made 27 October 2026, in force 10 November 2026
  3. Wireless Telegraphy Act 2006, section 53A — inserted by Digital Economy Act 2017 s.8(1), in force 31 July 2017
  4. legislation.gov.uk title search, "dynamic spectrum access" — two instruments, both 27 October 2026, read 3 November 2026
  5. Ofcom, Automated Frequency Coordination (AFC) — published 20 July 2026; register of approved providers, read 3 November 2026
  6. Ofcom, Statement: Enabling AFC in the 6 GHz band — 9 January 2026, updated 20 July 2026; applications from 1 September 2026
  7. Ofcom, Shared access licences — £80 per 10 MHz rural, £160 urban medium power, read 3 November 2026
  8. Ofcom, 700 MHz and 3.6–3.8 GHz auction final results — £1,379,400,000 for 200 MHz, announced 27 April 2021
  9. Ofcom, Innovation and trial licensing — licences from £50, read 3 November 2026
  10. Ofcom, Connected Nations update: Spring 2026 — published 13 May 2026; 39,000 premises without decent broadband
  11. Companies House, SCOT-TEL-GOULD LIMITED SC386653 — incorporated 7 October 2010, read 3 November 2026
  12. Light Reading, Michelle Donegan, Tarana eyes UK expansion in 6GHz for gigabit FWA — 29 September 2026
  13. Aerial.net, Cambium ePMP 6 GHz Force 4600C SM (EU) — €391.67 ex VAT, no stock, read 3 November 2026
  14. HMRC, Monthly exchange rates, November 2026 — £1 = $1.3396, valid 1–30 November 2026

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